Los modelos fenológicos son herramientas diseñadas para conocer y predecir el desarrollo de las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la temperatura base (Tb) para la aparición de nudos y en función de este parámetro generar un modelo fenológico para tallos florales de clavel estándar cv. Delphi a primer pico de producción. El ensayo se estableció en un invernadero, en el SENA ubicado en el municipio de Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). Se sembraron esquejes en tres tipos de sustrato (100% cascarilla de arroz quemada; mezcla de 65% de cascarilla de arroz quemada y 35% de fibra de coco; mezcla de 35% de cascarilla de arroz quemada y 65% de fibra de coco). La Tb se estimo mediante el ajuste de un modelo exponencial entre la tasa de aparición de nudos y la temperatura acumulada. Se uso el método de Euler para la simulación de nudos y el desarrollo fenológico de la planta se determino a través del tiempo térmico. El tipo de sustrato no influencio la tasa promedio de aparición de nudos (0,102 nudos/día). El valor estimado de la Tb fue de 0,12°C. A partir del pinch, y hasta la aparición del botón floral se acumularon 1.363,2 grados día (gdd); y el pico de cosecha se alcanzo a los 2.226,5 gdd. La aparición de nudos fue un proceso acelerado en los primeros estadios de desarrollo, que disminuyo paulatinamente luego de la aparición del botón floral. El máximo número de nudos observado fue 16,18 y el máximo estimado por el modelo fue 16,89. El modelo se ajusta de manera satisfactoria para las condiciones evaluadas y presenta un bajo índice de raíz cuadrada del cuadrado medio del error (RSME = 0,28).

Phenological models are designed to understand and predict plant development. The aim of this study was to determine the base temperature (Tb) for node appearance, and according to this relationship, to generate a phenological model for the first production peak of standard carnation cv. Delphi. The trial was established in the SENA facilities of the municipality of Mosquera (Cundinamarca, Colombia). There, under greenhouse conditions, carnation cuttings were planted in three different substrates (100% burnt rice husks; mixture of 65% burnt rice husks and 35% coconut fiber; mixture of 35% burnt rice husks and 65% coconut fiber). Tb was estimated by adjusting the exponential model for node appearance rate and accumulated temperature. Euler`s method was used for node simulation, and plant phenological development was determined through thermal time. The type of substrate did not influence node appearance average rate (0.102 nodes/day). Estimated Tb was 0.12°C, whereas 1,363.2 degree day (dd) accumulated from the pinch to flower bud appearance, and the harvest peak was reached at 2,226.5 dd. Node appearance proceeded rapidly in the earlier development stages, to gradually decline after flower bud appearance. While the maximum number of observed nodes was 16.18, the model estimated the same parameter in 16.89. The model fits adequately the observed data, and shows a low square root of mean square error index (RSME = 0.28).

Dados analisados durante o desenvolvimento de fisalis, espécie frutífera da família das solanáceas, foram usados para avaliar a aparição de nós em diferentes condições ambientais através de um modelo clássico termal de tempo. Os dados usados na análise foram obtidos de experimentos conduzidos em dois locais, com clima diferente, em campos abertos e em condições de estufa, na Colômbia. O modelo não-linear empírico segmentado foi usado para estimar a temperatura-base, e para estabelecer os parâmetros do modelo da simulação da aparição de nós em função do tempo. A temperatura-base (Tb) usada para calcular o tempo termal (TT, ºCd) para a aparição de nós foi 6,29 ºC. A inclinação do segmento linear foi de 0,023 e de 0,008 nós por TT, para o primeiro e segundo segmentos lineares, respectivamente. O tempo estimado para a aparição do nó foi de 1.039,5 ºCd depois do transplante, determinado a partir de uma análise estatística do modelo do primeiro segmento. Quando esses coeficientes foram usados para predizer a aparição de nós em todas as locações, o modelo ajustou-se dados observados adequadamente (RSME=2,1), especialmente para o primeiro segmento, onde a aparição de nós foi mais homogênea do que no segundo segmento. O número de nós e as taxas mínimas e máximas de aparição de nós foram maiores em plantas cultivadas em condições de estufa do que em plantas cultivadas nas demais condições.

Data was analyzed on development of the solanaceen fruit crop Cape gooseberry to evaluate how well a classical thermal time model could describe node appearance in different environments. The data used in the analysis were obtained from experiments conducted in Colombia in open fields and greenhouse condition at two locations with different climate. An empirical, non linear segmented model was used to estimate the base temperature and to parameterize the model for simulation of node appearance vs. time. The base temperature (Tb) used to calculate the thermal time (TT, ºCd) for node appearance was estimated to be 6.29 ºC. The slope of the first linear segment was 0.023 nodes per TT and 0.008 for the second linear segment. The time at which the slope of node apperance changed was 1039.5 ºCd after transplanting, determined from a statistical analysis of model for the first segment. When these coefficients were used to predict node appearance at all locations, the model successfully fit the observed data (RSME=2.1), especially for the first segment where node appearance was more homogeneous than the second segment. More nodes were produced by plants grown under greenhouse conditions and minimum and maximum rates of node appearance rates were also higher.

El experimento se realizó en el Centro Agropecuario Marengo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicado en el kilómetro 12 vía Bogotá-Mosquera, coordenadas 4° 42’ N 74° 12’ W, a 2.516 msnm, temperatura media 13,7 ºC, precipitación 669,9 mm·año-1 y brillo solar 4,2 h diarias. En tres parcelas de 300 m² cada una, con 8,3 y 11,1 plantas/m² para brócoli y repollo respectivamente, regadas con aguas del distrito La Ramada, se realizaron muestreos cada ocho días, se midió el área foliar, el peso seco, la temperatura media y horas de brillo solar. Las horas de brillo solar se transformaron en radiación fotosintéticamente activa (PAR). Se usó un modelo matemático multiplicativo determinístico con los siguientes componentes: PAR, fracción de luz interceptada (FLINT), en función del índice de área foliar, del coeficiente de extinción (k) y uso eficiente de la luz (LUE). La masa seca total y su partición de acuerdo con los órganos de la planta, se simuló con el método de integración de Euler. Se estimó k igual a 0,5120 y 0,5052, LUE igual a 0,2289 y 0,1181 g·MJ-1 para brócoli y repollo, respectivamente. En brócoli, el 32,72% y 30% de la masa seca se distribuyó en el tallo; el 45,28% y el 30%, en las hojas; el 22% y el 17,83%, en la raíz en las etapas vegetativas y reproductiva, respectivamente. En repollo se distribuyó el 28,41% en el tallo; el 65,28%, en las hojas y el 6,31%, en la raíz.

The experiment was carried out in the Agricultural Center Marengo of the National University of Colombia located on the km 12 route Bogotá-Mosquera with coordinates 4° 42’ N 74° 12’ W, at 2,516 m a.s.l. 13.7 ºC average temperature, 669.9 mm/year precipitation, 4.2 h daily light. Three plots with 300 m² each one, with 8.3 and 11.1 plants/m² for broccoli and cabbage, respectively, were applied with water of the district The Ramada. The samplings were realized every 8 days with 7 and 8 samplings for broccoli and cabbage, respectively. Leaf area, dry weight, hours of light and average temperature were measured. The light hours were transformed in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Deterministic multiplicative mathematical model was used taking into account the following components: Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), fraction of intercepted light (FLINT), which depends on the leaf area index and, the coefficient of extinction parameter k, and the parameter light use efficiency (LUE). The entire plant dry weight and its partition among the plant organs were simulated by the method of integration of Euler. Parameters k as 0.5120 and 0.5052, and LUE as 0.2289 and 0.1181 g·MJ-1 were estimated for broccoli and cabbage, respectively. The percentage of dry weight distributed during the vegetative and reproductive stages were 32.72 and 30% in the stem, 45.28 and 30% in the leaves, and 22 and 17.83% in the root. In cabbage, the dry weight distribution was 28.41% in the stem, 65.28% in the leaves, and 6.31% in the root.